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Roger Graver

June 2, 2022 by Roger Graver

A Deep Dive into Phasors

Phasors black background

In last month’s blog, we covered the fundamentals of phasor diagrams and how to interpret them at a basic level. In this article, we delve deeper into understanding and analyzing phasors practically, in common scenarios for different power systems.

 

A Brief Review

Phasor diagrams present each voltage and current as a vector on a graph. A vector combines two measurement properties into one object. In this case, the properties are magnitude (of voltage or current) and phase lag.

Normally, phase 1 voltage is considered to be the phase reference signal, so its angle is 0 degrees. If the phase 1 current lags, it will be slightly below it.

In an ideal 3-phase system, V1/I1 will have an angle of 0°, V2/I2 will have an angle of 120°, and V3/I3 will have an angle of 240°. This is rarely the case, however. Phasors quickly show you how unbalanced the voltage and current is, as well as how much the current lags or leads the voltage.

 

Single-Phase Systems

Below is a phasor diagram for a typical single-phase 120V/240V system. The voltage sits at 0° as the reference signal, and the current leads 3° ahead of it.

 

Here is how the waveform of the same system looks. If you look closely, you can see the small 3° lag of the current waveform.

Split-Phase Systems

In a split phase system, the optimal angle for V2/I2 is 180°. In this example, the voltages are almost 180° apart, and this time, the phase two current is leading the phase two voltage. The lag/lead for each phase is small, however.

 

Here is how the split-phase waveform looks in phase-neutral view. The current wave is inverse the voltage, and the voltage tops out at 121.7V.

 

In phase-phase view, the voltage peaks at 240.6V. The current is hidden in this shot.

 

3-Phase Delta Systems

In this example, we are glad to see the voltages close to the correct respective angles. If V3 was at 120° (shown as -120° on the diagram) and V2 at 240° (shown as 120° on the diagram), that would indicate a connection error by the person who hooked the analyzer up. However, all the voltages are pretty balanced and the phase sequence is 1-2-3, so the connections were done well.

 

Here is a look at the phase-neutral waveform, still with only voltages being shown.

 

Now, let’s add the currents. The phase relationships are somewhat discernable, but there is quite a bit of lag or lead that staggers the currents from the voltages of the same phase.

 

A phasor diagram clearly shows the phase relationship, however, so we can match the currents to the voltages far easier than on the waveform. They are associated with the correct voltages and are fairly balanced in magnitude, so the connection to the system is good, but there is significant phase lag on each phase. This diagram also shows an alarmingly low power factor on each phase, meaning the motor is idling below its work capacity.

 

This is a waveform of the same motor, after power factor correction has been made. It is now much easier to discern the phase relationships.

 

The phasor diagram provides an even clearer view of the currents’ alignment with their respective voltages as a result of the power factor correction. There is still minor phase lag/lead, but the motor is running significantly better than before.

 

Here is a phase-phase view of the same motor. The currents lag their voltage phasors by about 30° even though the power factor is quite high.

 

Backwards Connections

Now let’s look at a “messy” waveform.

Things can be figured out by examining the relationships of each signal, but at a glance phasor view shows us several things:

First of all, just examining the voltage phasors, it is apparent that the voltage sequence is 3-2-1 rather than the conventional 1-2-3 (traveling clockwise from V1n we first come to V3n, then V2n). The user may have switched two voltages when they connected or it may actually be a 3-2-1 circuit, as for driving a motor backwards.

 

Now adding the current phasors, it appears that I2 and I3 are backwards. Since I2 and I3 do appear to be associated with V2 and V3 (though reversed), the total power reading will likely be accurate, even though the probes are backwards.

 

Now, let’s look at this unique waveform.

It doesn’t look right, and we can figure it out by identifying the individual signals and their relationships, but look how clear it becomes in phasor view. We see that I2 is lagging V2n but I1 and I3 are the opposite direction of what we would expect them to be. They have been installed backwards.

 

If we use the “invert” ability of our software, it looks good. There’s a fair amount of phase lag, but the signals align properly with each other.

Notice that even though the current probes are backwards, the powers shown in the original waveform are balanced. That’s because the default mode for PowerSight is to assume that all power readings are positive. If the analyzer sees a current probe that is backwards, which results in negative power being measured, the software automatically turns it around and the power readings are all correct, even if the connection was not the correct orientation. If it was a load that alternately generates and consumes power, then we’d operate in “Negative Power Allowed” mode. In that case, a backwards current probe would typically show the measured power to be 1/3 the correct value since one phase was “cancelling” the power of another one.

 

Variable Speed Drives

Waveform is a little jumbled to look at with the currents aligning closely together.

 

 

Once again, the phasor view clears it right up.

 

Notice when viewing phasors as phase-neutral, the currents shift forwards 30°. This gives clear view of the benefit of the VSD. The motor is running with high power factor, currents barely lagging the voltage, regardless of the load.

 

Filed Under: Learning, Uncategorized

May 12, 2022 by Roger Graver

Understanding Phasor Diagrams

phasors-graphic

Introduction

Phasor diagrams can be very helpful in assessing and diagnosing a power or power quality situation if you know what you are looking at and what to look for. This blog covers the basics of understanding phasor diagrams and what it could possibly mean for the circuit(s) you are monitoring.

 

Viewing Phasor Diagrams with PowerSight

For most PowerSight users, the only way to view a phasor diagram is in PSM-A. When viewing a waveform, click the Phasors button in the top left corner of the window. You can alternate to a text view to summarize the values you see on the graph.

 

For PS5000 owners, you can view live phasors right on the analyzer’s screen by pressing the Phasors key on the keypad.

 

Explaining a Phasor Diagram

Phasor diagrams present each voltage and current as a vector on a graph. A vector combines two measurement properties into one object. In this case, the properties are magnitude (of voltage or current) and phase lag.

Normally, phase 1 voltage is considered to be the phase reference signal, so its angle is 0 degrees. If the phase 1 current lags, it will be slightly above it. In a three-phase circuit, normally the other two phases will be 120 degrees before and after phase 1 and the phase lag of each current relative to its associated voltage will be similar. The data graphs on the left of the phasor display show the actual degrees of all voltages and currents in relation to the phase 1 voltage and show the phase angle between the voltage and current of each phase.

Phasors-Black-Background

 

What Information You Can Pull from Phasor Diagrams

PSM-A allows you to identify a few power variables in the phasors window.

  • Unbalance: The unbalance measurements appear to the left of the phasor diagram. PSM-A performs unbalance calculations on both the voltage and current of a waveform set.
  • Phase Lag: The phase lag is listed to the right of the phasor diagram as the difference between the voltage and current angles. The diagram shows a visual representation of phase lag for a quick and clear idea of which phase(s) have significant phase lag.
  • Power Factor: The power factor measurements appear to the right of the diagram. This can be affected by phase lag or harmonics, so if the power factor is low without significant phase lag, it is probably due to harmonics.

Conclusion

In an ideal 3-phase system, V1/I1 will have an angle of 0°, V2/I2 will have an angle of 120°, and V3/I3 will have an angle of 240°. This is rarely the case, however. Phasors quickly show you how unbalanced the voltage and current is, as well as how much the current lags or leads the voltage.

You can view live and logged phasor diagrams on PSM-A (remotely via Bluetooth for live phasors) or on the color graphic screen of the PS5000. From here, you can begin to diagnose the power you are monitoring and plan for appropriate solutions to excessive phase lag/lead or unbalance.

 

Filed Under: Learning

April 13, 2022 by Roger Graver

Reducing Energy Consumption and Costs with PowerSight

save-energy

Three Ways to Save

There are three main ways to save money in a facility with a power analyzer.

The first is to do a full facility energy audit to evaluate load profiles and identify areas for improvement. If action is taken to rectify a problem or save power, PowerSight can verify the savings that were made.

The second way is determining circuits or equipment that are causing extra utility charges to be incurred (such as peak demand surcharges, power factor penalty charges, or expensive usage during peak hours on a time-of-day rate schedule). You can locate potential issues, correct shortcomings, and verify corrections with an analyzer.

The third is by challenging and verifying utility energy charges. This does not require any action to be taken towards remedying an efficiency problem with equipment in a facility, but rather rectifying an erroneous bill due to a faulty utility meter. This happens less often but can result in huge savings over time when it does.

PowerSight analyzers are designed to make it easy and intuitive to log, interpret, and report all essential measurements for saving money on energy costs.

 

Follow the Process for Raw Rower Consumption

1. Audit where the power is going. Ideally, you would monitor all circuits simultaneously over an evaluation period of a week or a month and then see the patterns and locations where power is being consumed. Summit Technology maintains one of the largest stocks of rental systems in the world, so you can monitor any number of circuits and equipment simultaneously. Our TestPlan Manager™ is also the most efficient and error-free method for doing multi-point monitoring.

2. Alternatively, you would make educated guesses of what equipment is using the power and monitor them to see what the reality is. Again, you would do at least one day, better yet a week or a month to see its power consumption profile.

3. Identify alternatives. Depending on load profiles, you may:

• opt to rebuild or overhaul equipment to get it performing to its expected results.

• opt for more efficient motors or adding VSDs,

• opt for lower cost lighting or active lighting controls,

• consider retrofits to generate power on elevators, escalators, etc.,

• consider changes of insulation and sealant.

• even simply change temperature set points.

Depending on where the power usage is located, there are any number of vendors who will be anxious to sell a solution to you.

4. Verify the “solutions”. The power analyzer that identified the “before” power usage can then be used to verify the “after” savings, hopefully before a firm purchase of the solution is made. PowerSight can be used to verify any savings on any circuit or piece of equipment, included direct connection monitoring of 4160V motors and 12.5KV distribution transformers.

 

Deal with Surcharges and Peak Rates on Your Bill

A substantial component to your bill may be due to peak demand charges, power factor penalties, or usage during peak rate periods.

Follow the process:

1. Audit the facilities or make educated guesses to monitor likely equipment or branch circuits that are causing the surcharges.

2. If addressing peak demand charges, determine what equipment or circuits were making contributions to demand during the peak demand period. Consider taking them off line during the peak demand period or improving their performance to lower the surcharge or even shift to a different, lower, demand period. PowerSight does peak demand period calculations that are displayable on the analyzer and are included in reports, for great before/after verification.

3. If addressing power factor penalty charges, determine the equipment generating the most VAR. This can be done by logging power and power factor or VAR directly. Motors can benefit from addition of VSDs. Any circuit can benefit from addition of power factor correction equipment. Monitoring the power factor profile can guide towards choosing passive or active power factor correction equipment.

4. If you are hit by a time-of-day rate schedule, determine what loads can have their duty cycle shortened or even eliminated during the peak rate periods. PowerSight has the ability to measure duty cycle on the analyzer itself. First identify the loads during peak with your power analyzer, then mitigate, then verify the results.

 

Audit Your Bill’s Accuracy

1. Monitor the load that the utility’s meter is monitoring.

2. See if the KWH results are within spec.

3. Verify that the measured KWH is what is presented on the bill for the same time-frame.

 

Utility meters are designed to be accurate, but there is no assurance that they remain accurate either due to defect, changed programming, or if the wrong meter’s readings are included on your bill. These things happen. PowerSight has been used to successfully question the accuracy of utility meters (see an example here).

 

Who Benefits from These Tests?

  • Anyone who manages an industrial facility and/or large, expensive equipment,
  • anyone who provides testing services and energy audits for industrial facilities, and
  • salespeople that need to prove energy savings for a new, efficient product

All these people benefit from using a power analyzer to spot problem areas and/or prove savings. PowerSight analyzers are small enough to carry around, intuitive enough for new users to operate, and capable enough to get reliable records to tell an objective story about power and energy. More often than not, a power analyzer will pay for itself quickly and several times over throughout its long useful life.

 

Other Benefits

Even though cost savings are highly sought-after, there are other benefits to performing energy audits with an analyzer. As state and local governments focus more on energy efficiency, facilities are adjusting to new regulations and incentives for lower energy consumption. These legislative changes may persuade or even force electrical professionals to monitor their power and make appropriate changes to consume less energy. Naturally, along with saving energy and money, comes lessening the environmental impact of a system demanding significant amounts of power, the ultimate goal behind new governmental policies.

Not only that, overall facility productivity and reliability goes up when energy waste decreases and equipment is “healthy” and not needing to be replaced. This frees up financial resources and creates flexibility for additional equipment on a newly optimized power system.

 

Filed Under: Learning, Tips & Ideas

March 14, 2022 by Roger Graver

Video: Creating a Report in ReportWriter Wizard™

 

In this video, learn about using ReportWriter Wizard™ to create a fast, easy, and professional report for your test in PSM-A. Once you have already downloaded data from the analyzer onto your PC and reviewed it, you are ready to create a report that tells a story about your power. This requires having the software downloaded onto a PC. You can download the free software here.

 

For more instruction videos on our PSM-A Software, power analyzers, and everything else, visit our YouTube channel. New videos being made regularly! Are there any instructional videos you would like to see in the future? Contact our content specialist with your ideas.

 

Related Links

  • ReportWriter Wizard™ Overview
  • PDF: Sample Summary Report
  • PDF: Sample Comparison Report

Filed Under: Learning

February 2, 2022 by Roger Graver

Why You Should Calibrate Your Equipment

why-calibrate

Types of Calibrations & Certificates

These days, any reputable manufacturer (or laboratory) performing a calibration will provide “NIST-traceable” calibration certificates, which denotes that the calibration accuracy is directly derived from the reference measurements of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This is the bare minimum accuracy assurance that should be met by every company offering calibrations.

 

For power analysis equipment, regular calibrations are best practice for both the analyzer and the current probes. We offer three different types of certificates for both: a traditional calibration report certificate (CALIB), a calibration report certificate that includes “before” measurements, (CalCertB), and a calibration report certificate that includes “after” measurements (CalCertA). The traditional certificate is a document for your records that states that the equipment has been calibrated to the required accuracy specifications, thereby legitimizing any measurements you log with the analyzer and/or probes. The “Before” and “After” certificates are generally bought in tandem and they report the measurements before and after calibration to show the difference the calibration made. “Before” certificates are especially useful to verify the accuracy of measurements from a study that was already completed.

 


PowerSight Calibration for Flexible Current Probes

 

When sending eFX6000 flexible current probes in for calibration with PowerSight, you should be aware of what position we calibrate them in. As seen in the diagram, we calibrate them with the clasp in the 9 o’clock position. This is noteworthy because when installing these probes for testing, this is the most accurate position for monitoring current. It replicates the same conditions in which the probes were calibrated, providing the best results. If possible, make sure you connect your eFX6000 probes in this way every time. Please note that our other types of current probes are not particularly sensitive to their mounting position, just be sure their jaws are clean and closed when you install.

flex current probe calibration position

 

Why are Calibrations Important?

Over time, measurement tools like power analyzers may decline in accuracy. A regular calibration ensures measurement accuracy, kind of analogous to getting a car’s wheels realigned. Having verifiably recent-calibrated equipment boosts credibility and confidence in the testing you perform. You want to have confidence that the measurements you provide are accurate and can be used to justify making or not making changes to equipment and wiring. In fact, your clients and higher-ups expect that the measurement tools you bring to a project are correctly reporting statistics about power. It’s not uncommon for your results to be challenged if they provide unwelcome measurements. If that occurs after the study, you need to be ready by proving that the equipment was recently calibrated and therefore the measurements are to be relied upon. If challenged prior to a study, it can delay the study until a new calibration is obtained. This is harmful to the client and to your credibility. If the purpose of a test is to verify savings of a retrofitted system, don’t be surprised if you are challenged for the equivalent of our CalCertB (see above). The CalCertB provides a record of test measurements prior to calibration and therefore confirms that the analyzer was providing accurate measurements.

 

How Often Should You Calibrate Equipment?

The industry standard for power analyzers is to calibrate the analyzer and its probes once a year. If your PowerSight analyzer or system is kept under warranty, an annual calibration of the system is included, so calibration will not be an added expense to you. Our experience after thousands of recalibrations for our analyzers is that the analyzers themselves tend to keep their calibration fairly well over time, so the main need of calibration for the analyzer is to provide assurance that its measurements are still accurate. On the other hand, the current probes, particularly flexible current probes, tend to need the calibration during each year of use. Flexing of flexible probes and corrosion and aging of clamp-ons make them more susceptible to needing adjustment. You may be able to use your analysis system for multiple years without having accuracy problems but you are “rolling the dice” that the accuracy of the system has held up. So, if you use your PowerSight system multiple times a year and/or are relying on its accuracy for making important decisions, we recommend that you get it calibrated each year.

 

Furthermore, if you are considering a calibration, the best value is with our Warranty Renewal, which includes a calibration along with many other upgrades and benefits. Your analysis system can be calibrated by any calibration shop, but we’ll be happy to do it for you because we are invested in your success whenever using PowerSight.

 

The Cost of Calibrating Equipment

Calibration expense depends on where your equipment is serviced, which equipment needs calibration, and which certificates are needed. Most power analyzer manufacturers do not provide calibration service for their own units. If they do, they usually charge a fee for the analyzer by itself, plus an additional fee for each individual current probe. These costs can add up quickly and users can end up spending several hundreds of dollars on a single calibration for just one analyzer and set of probes. If done every year, these costs can negate any initial “savings” earned on buying a cheap power analyzer.

 

PowerSight calibration prices are transparent and inclusive. Visit our calibrations page to see our low pricing for different certificates. Keep in mind that our calibration prices are for a PowerSight system consisting of one analyzer and one set of probes, so you will not be paying extra for each probe. Moreover, PowerSight warranties include calibration service for the analyzer and probes in addition to repairs and firmware upgrades. Warranties for almost all PowerSight analyzers are renewable, over and over. We want to make sure you have the best use of our products for many years to come. No other manufacturer offers anything like this.

 

Filed Under: Learning

January 4, 2022 by Roger Graver

Choosing the Right Current Probes

current-probes

 

PowerSight offers a wide selection of current probes for just about every need. The one downside of having so many options is deciding on which current probe is the right one for the job, and how many to get. Below, is a discussion of the various current probe technologies and their trade-offs to consider when making the best choice (or a compromise choice) for current probes. For a quick answer, without doing reading, you can take our quick 3-question quiz to find a good choice for your needs.

 

If you need to rent or purchase a power analysis system, they come with eFX6000 probes by default because the eFX6000 covers most all situations, but you can fully customize any system to include the probes and accessories you choose. All PowerSight current probes are universally compatible with PowerSight analyzers, meaning any probes can work with any analyzer.

 

Current Probe Technology

There are 3 different technologies used for measuring current with PowerSight:

 

Clamp-on (and Toroid)

Clamp-on technology is the oldest technology for measuring current. It basically consists of iron core jaws with wire wound around a section of the jaws. When the jaws close around a conductor, it effectively forms a transformer with 1 winding in the primary (the conductor you clamp around) and however many windings are in the secondary to boost the magnetic field. These types of probes can be very cheap or very expensive; it largely depends on the core material. Cheap ones can exhibit bad linearity (poor accuracy of amps readings over the measurement range), excessive phase shift (which lowers the accuracy of power readings), and limited frequency response (which under-reports harmonics and the amps flowing in non-linear loads).
PowerSight clamp-ons (our High Accuracy, HA series) use high quality silicon steel for their core material to obtain the best in linearity, phase shift, and frequency response. Generally, the lower the current you need to measure, the phase shift and frequency response degrade somewhat and the price increases. Our highest accuracy probe is the HA1000, for high accuracy measurement from 1 to 1,000 amps AC. It costs $295. Our lowest measuring probe is the HA-GFD, which measures down to 0.005 amps AC but costs $845. It is worth noting that for monitoring office equipment (typically very low current), our 120ADP offers an economical and non-invasive method for measuring current and power.

 

Rogowski (rope-type)

Rogowski coils are a different technology where wire is wound around the full length of an insulating material. When the coil is wrapped around a conductor, current is induced into it proportional to the change in the current (i.e. the differential of the current waveform). This output is run into an integrator circuit to recover the original waveform (i.e. the integrated differential waveform).  It is the most recent current measuring technology and the most popular. People love them because they are flexible, thin, and can be quite long. Flexibility helps in fitting in just about any panel situation. Being thin counts when trying to slip the rope between two rigid conductors that are close together. Being long allows wrapping around the largest bus bar. It also allows wrapping around all 3 phase conductors to detect large leakage current. Anyone who uses Rogowski type current probes appreciates this flexibility and ability to work in just about any situation. That’s why the eFX6000, with two ranges covering from 1 to 6000 amps AC, is our overwhelming favorite.

 

However, Rogowski coils have their drawbacks.  Chief among them are accuracy issues. Manufacturers state very good accuracies for Rogowski coils, but there are several significant qualifiers.

 

First of all, the position of the coil when wrapped around a conductor matters. Typically, the coil measurements can vary +/-2% depending on the position of the probe around a conductor. This means that a 1% stated accuracy probe may be a 3% accuracy probe when installed. For this reason, PowerSight probes are calibrated at a specific orientation, the cable hanging at the 9 o’clock position.  If you match that orientation, you should achieve the 1% state accuracy of the probe.

 

The Rogowski coil is only as good as the integrator that it is hooked up to. The right integrator will give good linearity, phase shift, and frequency response (see discussion of clamp-on probes).  Cutting corners results in the loss of accuracy that low quality clamp-ons suffer from.

 

Finally, our experience is that Rogowski current probes require calibration more than clamp-on types. Typically, they really need to be calibrated every year. Fortunately, our (extendable) deluxe warranty includes annual calibration for the analyzer and current probes.

 

Hall Effect

As discussed previously, clamp-on and Rogowski probes measure the changing magnetic field that results from an AC current. Since a DC current has no changing field, those technologies cannot measure a DC current. Hall effect probes have sensors that measure the intensity of the magnetic field due to current flowing. This technology can measure DC current. It can measure AC current as well. However, the technology is more expensive, less accurate, and requires “zeroing” before each use.  For these reasons, it is best to rely on Hall effect for DC current, but to have a separate set of probes for AC measurements.

 

Quiz – Which Current Probes are Best for You?

All PowerSight Current Measurement Options

eFX6000 probeeFX6000
HA5 probe smallHA5
HA100 probe smallHA100
HA1000 probe smallHA1000
HA-GFD Probe smallHA-GFD
DC600 ProbeDC600
DC2000 current probeDC2000
120ADP top small120ADP

How Many Current Probes?

Read the simple breakdown here. Call, email, or start a live chat if you have more questions.

 

Filed Under: Learning, Tips & Ideas

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